![]() ![]() Caribbean had 34% of its area and 52% of the LEF area with a landslide density of at least one in 1 km 2 from Hurricane Maria. The model of landslide occurrence had a pseudo R 2 of 0.53 and showed the U.S. More greenness disturbance was seen in areas with less wind sheltering, higher elevation and topographic sides. Caribbean lost 31% of its initial greenness from the hurricane, with 51% lost from the initial in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) from Hurricane Maria along with Hurricane Irma. The model of greenness loss had a pseudo R 2 of 0.73 and showed the U.S. For the landslide occurrence model, the hurricane force was rain, the disturbance-propensity measure was amount of land slope, and the third landscape characteristic was soil clay content. For the greenness loss model, the hurricane force was wind, the disturbance-propensity measure was initial greenness, and the third landscape characteristic was fraction forest cover. In each model, one of these characteristics was forest fragmentation, and another was a measure of disturbance-propensity. A generalized linear model was made for each kind of effect, using idealized maps of the hurricane forces, along with three landscape characteristics that were significantly associated. ![]() The vegetation index is a measure of canopy ‘greenness’, a combination of leaf chlorophyll, leaf area, canopy cover and structure. Caribbean was used to study the causes of remotely-sensed spatial variation in the effects of (1) vegetation index loss and (2) landslide occurrence. These validated results of the storm can also be used as an input for other analysis such as hydrological models to geo-locate regions for risks due to flooding.The impact of Hurricane Maria on the U.S. ![]() As an example of damage assessment, the risk of failure of the electrical power towers as a function of wind speed and soil saturation is simulated using statistical models for the entire Island, which results in higher risks of failure at the Northwest and center of the Island. The orographic effects are simulated, reflecting enhancement of the rainfall at high altitudes in the central mountains of the Island. The total rainfall for the event was simulated to peak at 762 mm (observed 965 mm) at the center of the Island and was validated with post-hurricane National Weather Service (NWS) rainfall with a Normalized Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.2. Simulated (WRF) time series of wind speed is in close resemblance compared with the limited data available from ocean buoys with a simulated and observed peak wind speed of 30 m/s on the southern coast of the Island. ![]() The synoptic observational record shows that the monthly average Sea Surface Temperature of 30 ☌, with an anomaly of 0.5 ☌ as well as low vertical wind shear of 4–8 m/s fueled H-Maria. The aim of this work is to fill the gap of the hydro-meteorological processes of this relevant storm due to the limited observational data available. Besides, H-Maria left a lasting impact on the Island as it brought to full collapse the electrical power grid rendering the Island entirely out of power for more than ten months. The human loss due to Hurricane Maria (H-Maria) in the month of September of 2017 was quantified to be more than 4500 casualties in the entire island of Puerto Rico, making it the most devastating storm in US history. ![]()
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